Defensive urbanism is characterised by overt designs that are hostile in nature which are used to discourage certain groups from using urban spaces. This work proposes gated communities, transport infrastructure and anti- homeless architecture must therefore also be considered defensive urbanism. Using examples from across the world in cities attempting to become “global cities”, I attempt to show the impact these design decision have on groups who are particularly marginalised.

Assessing the impact of Crossrail, specifically looking at the effect it has had on property values. Using an unbalanced panel dataset, evaluating the change in property prices for houses that are located within close proximity to new Crossrail stations.